Review on the Assessment of Trace Elements in Groundwater and their Toxicity with Public Health Concerns

Groundwater contamination by trace elements poses a significant public health risk worldwide. Toxic metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, and mercury enter groundwater through natural geochemical processes and anthropogenic activities, including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, and mining. Chronic exposure to these elements has been linked to severe health conditions such as cancer, neurological disorders, organ damage, and developmental impairments. This review explores the primary sources of trace elements in groundwater, methods for their detection, associated health risks, and mitigation strategies. Advanced monitoring systems, policy interventions, and community-based approaches are essential for ensuring groundwater safety. Future research should focus on the impact of climate change, emerging contaminants, and sustainable remediation techniques.